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Einstein later proposed that electromagnetic radiation itself is quantized, not the energy of radiating atoms.īlack-body radiation, the emission of electromagnetic energy due to an object's heat, could not be explained from classical arguments alone. atoms of the black body that emit radiation. To accomplish this, Planck had to make a mathematical assumption of quantized energy of the oscillators, i.e.
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In 1901, Max Planck published an analysis that succeeded in reproducing the observed spectrum of light emitted by a glowing object. Turning the reasoning around, ordinary quantum mechanics can be deduced as a specialized consequence of quantum field theory. the electric and magnetic field strengths of Maxwell) are replaced by an entirely new kind of field value, as considered in quantum field theory. He saw it in what is called second quantization, which generates an entirely new concept of fields that exist in ordinary space-time, causality still being visualizable. He saw the duality as present for all quantic entities, but not quite in the usual quantum mechanical account considered by Bohr. Werner Heisenberg considered the question further. Bohr regarded renunciation of the cause-effect relation, or complementarity, of the space-time picture, as essential to the quantum mechanical account. He saw such duality as one aspect of the concept of complementarity. A given kind of quantum object will exhibit sometimes wave, sometimes particle, character, in respectively different physical settings.
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Īlthough the use of the wave–particle duality has worked well in physics, the meaning or interpretation has not been satisfactorily resolved see Interpretations of quantum mechanics.īohr regarded the "duality paradox" as a fundamental or metaphysical fact of nature. For macroscopic particles, because of their extremely short wavelengths, wave properties usually cannot be detected. This phenomenon has been verified not only for elementary particles, but also for compound particles like atoms and even molecules. Through the work of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Louis de Broglie, Arthur Compton, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger and many others, current scientific theory holds that all particles exhibit a wave nature and vice versa. We have two contradictory pictures of reality separately neither of them fully explains the phenomena of light, but together they do. We are faced with a new kind of difficulty. It seems as though we must use sometimes the one theory and sometimes the other, while at times we may use either. It expresses the inability of the classical concepts "particle" or "wave" to fully describe the behaviour of quantum-scale objects. Wave–particle duality is the concept in quantum mechanics that every particle or quantum entity may be described as either a particle or a wave.